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  1. Database
  2. Oracle
  3. Oracle Database
  4. Release 19

SQL Language Reference

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Table of Contents

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  • Title and Copyright Information
  • Preface
    • Audience
    • Documentation Accessibility
    • Related Documents
    • Conventions
  • Changes in This Release for Oracle Database SQL Language Reference
    • Changes in Oracle Database Release 19c
      • New Features
      • Deprecated Features
      • Desupported Features
  • 1 Introduction to Oracle SQL
    • History of SQL
    • SQL Standards
      • How SQL Works
      • Common Language for All Relational Databases
    • Using Enterprise Manager
    • Lexical Conventions
    • Tools Support
  • 2 Basic Elements of Oracle SQL
    • Data Types
      • Oracle Built-in Data Types
        • Character Data Types
          • CHAR Data Type
          • NCHAR Data Type
          • VARCHAR2 Data Type
          • VARCHAR Data Type
          • NVARCHAR2 Data Type
        • Numeric Data Types
          • NUMBER Data Type
          • FLOAT Data Type
          • Floating-Point Numbers
            • BINARY_FLOAT
            • BINARY_DOUBLE
            • IEEE754 Conformance
          • Numeric Precedence
        • LONG Data Type
        • Datetime and Interval Data Types
          • DATE Data Type
            • Using Julian Days
          • TIMESTAMP Data Type
          • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE Data Type
          • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE Data Type
          • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH Data Type
          • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Data Type
          • Datetime/Interval Arithmetic
          • Support for Daylight Saving Times
          • Datetime and Interval Examples
        • RAW and LONG RAW Data Types
        • Large Object (LOB) Data Types
          • BFILE Data Type
          • BLOB Data Type
          • CLOB Data Type
          • NCLOB Data Type
        • Extended Data Types
      • Rowid Data Types
        • ROWID Data Type
        • UROWID Data Type
      • ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Data Types
      • User-Defined Types
        • Object Types
        • REF Data Types
        • Varrays
        • Nested Tables
      • Oracle-Supplied Types
      • Any Types
        • ANYTYPE
        • ANYDATA
        • ANYDATASET
      • XML Types
        • XMLType
        • URI Data Types
        • URIFactory Package
      • Spatial Types
        • SDO_GEOMETRY
        • SDO_TOPO_GEOMETRY
        • SDO_GEORASTER
    • Data Type Comparison Rules
      • Numeric Values
      • Datetime Values
      • Binary Values
      • Character Values
      • Object Values
      • Varrays and Nested Tables
      • Data Type Precedence
      • Data Conversion
        • Implicit and Explicit Data Conversion
        • Implicit Data Conversion
        • Implicit Data Conversion Examples
        • Explicit Data Conversion
      • Security Considerations for Data Conversion
    • Literals
      • Text Literals
      • Numeric Literals
        • Integer Literals
        • NUMBER and Floating-Point Literals
      • Datetime Literals
      • Interval Literals
        • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH
        • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND
    • Format Models
      • Number Format Models
        • Number Format Elements
      • Datetime Format Models
        • Datetime Format Elements
          • Uppercase Letters in Date Format Elements
          • Punctuation and Character Literals in Datetime Format Models
        • Datetime Format Elements and Globalization Support
        • ISO Standard Date Format Elements
        • The RR Datetime Format Element
          • RR Datetime Format Examples
        • Datetime Format Element Suffixes
      • Format Model Modifiers
        • Format Model Examples
      • String-to-Date Conversion Rules
      • XML Format Model
    • Nulls
      • Nulls in SQL Functions
      • Nulls with Comparison Conditions
      • Nulls in Conditions
    • Comments
      • Comments Within SQL Statements
      • Comments on Schema and Nonschema Objects
      • Hints
      • Alphabetical Listing of Hints
        • ALL_ROWS Hint
        • APPEND Hint
        • APPEND_VALUES Hint
        • CACHE Hint
        • CHANGE_DUPKEY_ERROR_INDEX Hint
        • CLUSTER Hint
        • CLUSTERING Hint
        • CONTAINERS Hint
        • CURSOR_SHARING_EXACT Hint
        • DISABLE_PARALLEL_DML Hint
        • DRIVING_SITE Hint
        • DYNAMIC_SAMPLING Hint
        • ENABLE_PARALLEL_DML Hint
        • FACT Hint
        • FIRST_ROWS Hint
        • FRESH_MV Hint
        • FULL Hint
        • GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS Hint
        • GROUPING Hint
        • HASH Hint
        • IGNORE_ROW_ON_DUPKEY_INDEX Hint
        • INDEX Hint
        • INDEX_ASC Hint
        • INDEX_COMBINE Hint
        • INDEX_DESC Hint
        • INDEX_FFS Hint
        • INDEX_JOIN Hint
        • INDEX_SS Hint
        • INDEX_SS_ASC Hint
        • INDEX_SS_DESC Hint
        • INMEMORY Hint
        • INMEMORY_PRUNING Hint
        • LEADING Hint
        • MERGE Hint
        • MODEL_MIN_ANALYSIS Hint
        • MONITOR Hint
        • NATIVE_FULL_OUTER_JOIN Hint
        • NOAPPEND Hint
        • NOCACHE Hint
        • NO_CLUSTERING Hint
        • NO_EXPAND Hint
        • NO_FACT Hint
        • NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS Hint
        • NO_INDEX Hint
        • NO_INDEX_FFS Hint
        • NO_INDEX_SS Hint
        • NO_INMEMORY Hint
        • NO_INMEMORY_PRUNING Hint
        • NO_MERGE Hint
        • NO_MONITOR Hint
        • NO_NATIVE_FULL_OUTER_JOIN Hint
        • NO_PARALLEL Hint
        • NOPARALLEL Hint
        • NO_PARALLEL_INDEX Hint
        • NOPARALLEL_INDEX Hint
        • NO_PQ_CONCURRENT_UNION Hint
        • NO_PQ_SKEW Hint
        • NO_PUSH_PRED Hint
        • NO_PUSH_SUBQ Hint
        • NO_PX_JOIN_FILTER Hint
        • NO_QUERY_TRANSFORMATION Hint
        • NO_RESULT_CACHE Hint
        • NO_REWRITE Hint
        • NOREWRITE Hint
        • NO_STAR_TRANSFORMATION Hint
        • NO_STATEMENT_QUEUING Hint
        • NO_UNNEST Hint
        • NO_USE_BAND Hint
        • NO_USE_CUBE Hint
        • NO_USE_HASH Hint
        • NO_USE_MERGE Hint
        • NO_USE_NL Hint
        • NO_XML_QUERY_REWRITE Hint
        • NO_XMLINDEX_REWRITE Hint
        • NO_ZONEMAP Hint
        • OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE Hint
        • OPT_PARAM Hint
        • ORDERED Hint
        • PARALLEL Hint
        • PARALLEL_INDEX Hint
        • PQ_CONCURRENT_UNION Hint
        • PQ_DISTRIBUTE Hint
        • PQ_FILTER Hint
        • PQ_SKEW Hint
        • PUSH_PRED Hint
        • PUSH_SUBQ Hint
        • PX_JOIN_FILTER Hint
        • QB_NAME Hint
        • RESULT_CACHE Hint
        • RETRY_ON_ROW_CHANGE Hint
        • REWRITE Hint
        • STAR_TRANSFORMATION Hint
        • STATEMENT_QUEUING Hint
        • UNNEST Hint
        • USE_BAND Hint
        • USE_CONCAT Hint
        • USE_CUBE Hint
        • USE_HASH Hint
        • USE_MERGE Hint
        • USE_NL Hint
        • USE_NL_WITH_INDEX Hint
    • Database Objects
      • Schema Objects
      • Nonschema Objects
    • Database Object Names and Qualifiers
      • Database Object Naming Rules
      • Schema Object Naming Examples
      • Schema Object Naming Guidelines
    • Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements
      • How Oracle Database Resolves Schema Object References
      • References to Objects in Other Schemas
      • References to Objects in Remote Databases
        • Creating Database Links
          • Database Link Names
          • Username and Password
          • Database Connect String
        • References to Database Links
      • References to Partitioned Tables and Indexes
      • References to Object Type Attributes and Methods
  • 3 Pseudocolumns
    • Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns
      • CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Pseudocolumn
      • CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Pseudocolumn
      • LEVEL Pseudocolumn
    • Sequence Pseudocolumns
      • Where to Use Sequence Values
      • How to Use Sequence Values
    • Version Query Pseudocolumns
    • COLUMN_VALUE Pseudocolumn
    • OBJECT_ID Pseudocolumn
    • OBJECT_VALUE Pseudocolumn
    • ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn
    • ROWID Pseudocolumn
    • ROWNUM Pseudocolumn
    • XMLDATA Pseudocolumn
  • 4 Operators
    • About SQL Operators
      • Unary and Binary Operators
      • Operator Precedence
    • Arithmetic Operators
    • COLLATE Operator
    • Concatenation Operator
    • Hierarchical Query Operators
      • PRIOR
      • CONNECT_BY_ROOT
    • Set Operators
    • Multiset Operators
      • MULTISET EXCEPT
      • MULTISET INTERSECT
      • MULTISET UNION
    • User-Defined Operators
  • 5 Expressions
    • About SQL Expressions
    • Simple Expressions
    • Analytic View Expressions
      • Examples of Analytic View Expressions
    • Compound Expressions
    • CASE Expressions
    • Column Expressions
    • CURSOR Expressions
    • Datetime Expressions
    • Function Expressions
    • Interval Expressions
    • JSON Object Access Expressions
    • Model Expressions
    • Object Access Expressions
    • Placeholder Expressions
    • Scalar Subquery Expressions
    • Type Constructor Expressions
    • Expression Lists
  • 6 Conditions
    • About SQL Conditions
      • Condition Precedence
    • Comparison Conditions
      • Simple Comparison Conditions
      • Group Comparison Conditions
    • Floating-Point Conditions
    • Logical Conditions
    • Model Conditions
      • IS ANY Condition
      • IS PRESENT Condition
    • Multiset Conditions
      • IS A SET Condition
      • IS EMPTY Condition
      • MEMBER Condition
      • SUBMULTISET Condition
    • Pattern-matching Conditions
      • LIKE Condition
      • REGEXP_LIKE Condition
    • Null Conditions
    • XML Conditions
      • EQUALS_PATH Condition
      • UNDER_PATH Condition
    • SQL/JSON Conditions
      • IS JSON Condition
      • JSON_EQUAL Condition
      • JSON_EXISTS Condition
      • JSON_TEXTCONTAINS Condition
    • Compound Conditions
    • BETWEEN Condition
    • EXISTS Condition
    • IN Condition
    • IS OF type Condition
  • 7 Functions
    • About SQL Functions
    • Single-Row Functions
      • Numeric Functions
      • Character Functions Returning Character Values
      • Character Functions Returning Number Values
      • Character Set Functions
      • Collation Functions
      • Datetime Functions
      • General Comparison Functions
      • Conversion Functions
      • Large Object Functions
      • Collection Functions
      • Hierarchical Functions
      • Data Mining Functions
      • XML Functions
      • JSON Functions
      • Encoding and Decoding Functions
      • NULL-Related Functions
      • Environment and Identifier Functions
    • Aggregate Functions
    • Analytic Functions
    • Object Reference Functions
    • Model Functions
    • OLAP Functions
    • Data Cartridge Functions
    • ABS
    • ACOS
    • ADD_MONTHS
    • APPROX_COUNT
    • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
    • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_AGG
    • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DETAIL
    • APPROX_MEDIAN
    • APPROX_PERCENTILE
    • APPROX_PERCENTILE_AGG
    • APPROX_PERCENTILE_DETAIL
    • APPROX_RANK
    • APPROX_SUM
    • ASCII
    • ASCIISTR
    • ASIN
    • ATAN
    • ATAN2
    • AVG
    • BFILENAME
    • BIN_TO_NUM
    • BITAND
    • BITMAP_BIT_POSITION
    • BITMAP_BUCKET_NUMBER
    • BITMAP_CONSTRUCT_AGG
    • BITMAP_COUNT
    • BITMAP_OR_AGG
    • CARDINALITY
    • CAST
    • CEIL
    • CHARTOROWID
    • CHR
    • CLUSTER_DETAILS
    • CLUSTER_DISTANCE
    • CLUSTER_ID
    • CLUSTER_PROBABILITY
    • CLUSTER_SET
    • COALESCE
    • COLLATION
    • COLLECT
    • COMPOSE
    • CON_DBID_TO_ID
    • CON_GUID_TO_ID
    • CON_NAME_TO_ID
    • CON_UID_TO_ID
    • CONCAT
    • CONVERT
    • CORR
    • CORR_*
      • CORR_S
      • CORR_K
    • COS
    • COSH
    • COUNT
    • COVAR_POP
    • COVAR_SAMP
    • CUBE_TABLE
    • CUME_DIST
    • CURRENT_DATE
    • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
    • CV
    • DATAOBJ_TO_MAT_PARTITION
    • DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION
    • DBTIMEZONE
    • DECODE
    • DECOMPOSE
    • DENSE_RANK
    • DEPTH
    • DEREF
    • DUMP
    • EMPTY_BLOB, EMPTY_CLOB
    • EXISTSNODE
    • EXP
    • EXTRACT (datetime)
    • EXTRACT (XML)
    • EXTRACTVALUE
    • FEATURE_COMPARE
    • FEATURE_DETAILS
    • FEATURE_ID
    • FEATURE_SET
    • FEATURE_VALUE
    • FIRST
    • FIRST_VALUE
    • FLOOR
    • FROM_TZ
    • GREATEST
    • GROUP_ID
    • GROUPING
    • GROUPING_ID
    • HEXTORAW
    • INITCAP
    • INSTR
    • ITERATION_NUMBER
    • JSON_ARRAY
    • JSON_ARRAYAGG
    • JSON_DATAGUIDE
    • JSON_MERGEPATCH
    • JSON_OBJECT
    • JSON_OBJECTAGG
    • JSON_QUERY
    • JSON_SERIALIZE
    • JSON_TABLE
    • JSON_VALUE
    • LAG
    • LAST
    • LAST_DAY
    • LAST_VALUE
    • LEAD
    • LEAST
    • LENGTH
    • LISTAGG
    • LN
    • LNNVL
    • LOCALTIMESTAMP
    • LOG
    • LOWER
    • LPAD
    • LTRIM
    • MAKE_REF
    • MAX
    • MEDIAN
    • MIN
    • MOD
    • MONTHS_BETWEEN
    • NANVL
    • NCHR
    • NEW_TIME
    • NEXT_DAY
    • NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN
    • NLS_CHARSET_ID
    • NLS_CHARSET_NAME
    • NLS_COLLATION_ID
    • NLS_COLLATION_NAME
    • NLS_INITCAP
    • NLS_LOWER
    • NLS_UPPER
    • NLSSORT
    • NTH_VALUE
    • NTILE
    • NULLIF
    • NUMTODSINTERVAL
    • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
    • NVL
    • NVL2
    • ORA_DM_PARTITION_NAME
    • ORA_DST_AFFECTED
    • ORA_DST_CONVERT
    • ORA_DST_ERROR
    • ORA_HASH
    • ORA_INVOKING_USER
    • ORA_INVOKING_USERID
    • PATH
    • PERCENT_RANK
    • PERCENTILE_CONT
    • PERCENTILE_DISC
    • POWER
    • POWERMULTISET
    • POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY
    • PREDICTION
    • PREDICTION_BOUNDS
    • PREDICTION_COST
    • PREDICTION_DETAILS
    • PREDICTION_PROBABILITY
    • PREDICTION_SET
    • PRESENTNNV
    • PRESENTV
    • PREVIOUS
    • RANK
    • RATIO_TO_REPORT
    • RAWTOHEX
    • RAWTONHEX
    • REF
    • REFTOHEX
    • REGEXP_COUNT
    • REGEXP_INSTR
    • REGEXP_REPLACE
    • REGEXP_SUBSTR
    • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
    • REMAINDER
    • REPLACE
    • ROUND (date)
    • ROUND (number)
    • ROUND_TIES_TO_EVEN (number)
    • ROW_NUMBER
    • ROWIDTOCHAR
    • ROWIDTONCHAR
    • RPAD
    • RTRIM
    • SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
    • SESSIONTIMEZONE
    • SET
    • SIGN
    • SIN
    • SINH
    • SOUNDEX
    • SQRT
    • STANDARD_HASH
    • STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST
    • STATS_CROSSTAB
    • STATS_F_TEST
    • STATS_KS_TEST
    • STATS_MODE
    • STATS_MW_TEST
    • STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA
    • STATS_T_TEST_*
      • STATS_T_TEST_ONE
      • STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
      • STATS_T_TEST_INDEP and STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
    • STATS_WSR_TEST
    • STDDEV
    • STDDEV_POP
    • STDDEV_SAMP
    • SUBSTR
    • SUM
    • SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
    • SYS_CONTEXT
    • SYS_DBURIGEN
    • SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
    • SYS_GUID
    • SYS_OP_ZONE_ID
    • SYS_TYPEID
    • SYS_XMLAGG
    • SYS_XMLGEN
    • SYSDATE
    • SYSTIMESTAMP
    • TAN
    • TANH
    • TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
    • TO_APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
    • TO_APPROX_PERCENTILE
    • TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
    • TO_BINARY_FLOAT
    • TO_BLOB (bfile)
    • TO_BLOB (raw)
    • TO_CHAR (bfile|blob)
    • TO_CHAR (character)
    • TO_CHAR (datetime)
    • TO_CHAR (number)
    • TO_CLOB (bfile|blob)
    • TO_CLOB (character)
    • TO_DATE
    • TO_DSINTERVAL
    • TO_LOB
    • TO_MULTI_BYTE
    • TO_NCHAR (character)
    • TO_NCHAR (datetime)
    • TO_NCHAR (number)
    • TO_NCLOB
    • TO_NUMBER
    • TO_SINGLE_BYTE
    • TO_TIMESTAMP
    • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
    • TO_UTC_TIMESTAMP_TZ
    • TO_YMINTERVAL
    • TRANSLATE
    • TRANSLATE ... USING
    • TREAT
    • TRIM
    • TRUNC (date)
    • TRUNC (number)
    • TZ_OFFSET
    • UID
    • UNISTR
    • UPPER
    • USER
    • USERENV
    • VALIDATE_CONVERSION
    • VALUE
    • VAR_POP
    • VAR_SAMP
    • VARIANCE
    • VSIZE
    • WIDTH_BUCKET
    • XMLAGG
    • XMLCAST
    • XMLCDATA
    • XMLCOLATTVAL
    • XMLCOMMENT
    • XMLCONCAT
    • XMLDIFF
    • XMLELEMENT
    • XMLEXISTS
    • XMLFOREST
    • XMLISVALID
    • XMLPARSE
    • XMLPATCH
    • XMLPI
    • XMLQUERY
    • XMLROOT
    • XMLSEQUENCE
    • XMLSERIALIZE
    • XMLTABLE
    • XMLTRANSFORM
    • ROUND and TRUNC Date Functions
    • About User-Defined Functions
      • Prerequisites
      • Name Precedence
        • Naming Conventions
  • 8 Common SQL DDL Clauses
    • allocate_extent_clause
    • constraint
    • deallocate_unused_clause
    • file_specification
    • logging_clause
    • parallel_clause
    • physical_attributes_clause
    • size_clause
    • storage_clause
  • 9 SQL Queries and Subqueries
    • About Queries and Subqueries
    • Creating Simple Queries
    • Hierarchical Queries
      • Hierarchical Query Examples
    • The UNION [ALL], INTERSECT, MINUS Operators
    • Sorting Query Results
    • Joins
      • Join Conditions
      • Equijoins
      • Band Joins
      • Self Joins
      • Cartesian Products
      • Inner Joins
      • Outer Joins
      • Antijoins
      • Semijoins
    • Using Subqueries
    • Unnesting of Nested Subqueries
    • Selecting from the DUAL Table
    • Distributed Queries
  • 10 SQL Statements: ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT to ALTER JAVA
    • Types of SQL Statements
      • Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements
      • Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements
      • Transaction Control Statements
      • Session Control Statements
      • System Control Statement
      • Embedded SQL Statements
    • How the SQL Statement Chapters are Organized
    • ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT
    • ALTER ANALYTIC VIEW
    • ALTER ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
    • ALTER AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
    • ALTER CLUSTER
    • ALTER DATABASE
    • ALTER DATABASE DICTIONARY
    • ALTER DATABASE LINK
    • ALTER DIMENSION
    • ALTER DISKGROUP
    • ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
    • ALTER FUNCTION
    • ALTER HIERARCHY
    • ALTER INDEX
    • ALTER INDEXTYPE
    • ALTER INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
    • ALTER JAVA
  • 11 SQL Statements: ALTER LIBRARY to ALTER SESSION
    • ALTER LIBRARY
    • ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE
    • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
    • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
    • ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
    • ALTER OPERATOR
    • ALTER OUTLINE
    • ALTER PACKAGE
    • ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE
    • ALTER PROCEDURE
    • ALTER PROFILE
    • ALTER RESOURCE COST
    • ALTER ROLE
    • ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    • ALTER SEQUENCE
    • ALTER SESSION
      • Initialization Parameters and ALTER SESSION
      • Session Parameters and ALTER SESSION
  • 12 SQL Statements: ALTER SYNONYM to COMMENT
    • ALTER SYNONYM
    • ALTER SYSTEM
    • ALTER TABLE
    • ALTER TABLESPACE
    • ALTER TABLESPACE SET
    • ALTER TRIGGER
    • ALTER TYPE
    • ALTER USER
    • ALTER VIEW
    • ANALYZE
    • ASSOCIATE STATISTICS
    • AUDIT (Traditional Auditing)
    • AUDIT (Unified Auditing)
    • CALL
    • COMMENT
  • 13 SQL Statements: COMMIT to CREATE JAVA
    • COMMIT
    • CREATE ANALYTIC VIEW
    • CREATE ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
    • CREATE AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
    • CREATE CLUSTER
    • CREATE CONTEXT
    • CREATE CONTROLFILE
    • CREATE DATABASE
    • CREATE DATABASE LINK
    • CREATE DIMENSION
    • CREATE DIRECTORY
    • CREATE DISKGROUP
    • CREATE EDITION
    • CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
    • CREATE FUNCTION
    • CREATE HIERARCHY
    • CREATE INDEX
    • CREATE INDEXTYPE
    • CREATE INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
    • CREATE JAVA
  • 14 SQL Statements: CREATE LIBRARY to CREATE SCHEMA
    • CREATE LIBRARY
    • CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE
    • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
    • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
    • CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
    • CREATE OPERATOR
    • CREATE OUTLINE
    • CREATE PACKAGE
    • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
    • CREATE PFILE
    • CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
    • CREATE PROCEDURE
    • CREATE PROFILE
    • CREATE RESTORE POINT
    • CREATE ROLE
    • CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    • CREATE SCHEMA
  • 15 SQL Statements: CREATE SEQUENCE to DROP CLUSTER
    • CREATE SEQUENCE
    • CREATE SPFILE
    • CREATE SYNONYM
    • CREATE TABLE
    • CREATE TABLESPACE
    • CREATE TABLESPACE SET
    • CREATE TRIGGER
    • CREATE TYPE
    • CREATE TYPE BODY
    • CREATE USER
    • CREATE VIEW
    • DELETE
    • DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS
    • DROP ANALYTIC VIEW
    • DROP ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
    • DROP AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
    • DROP CLUSTER
  • 16 SQL Statements: DROP CONTEXT to DROP JAVA
    • DROP CONTEXT
    • DROP DATABASE
    • DROP DATABASE LINK
    • DROP DIMENSION
    • DROP DIRECTORY
    • DROP DISKGROUP
    • DROP EDITION
    • DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
    • DROP FUNCTION
    • DROP HIERARCHY
    • DROP INDEX
    • DROP INDEXTYPE
    • DROP INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
    • DROP JAVA
  • 17 SQL Statements: DROP LIBRARY to DROP SYNONYM
    • DROP LIBRARY
    • DROP LOCKDOWN PROFILE
    • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
    • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
    • DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
    • DROP OPERATOR
    • DROP OUTLINE
    • DROP PACKAGE
    • DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE
    • DROP PROCEDURE
    • DROP PROFILE
    • DROP RESTORE POINT
    • DROP ROLE
    • DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    • DROP SEQUENCE
    • DROP SYNONYM
  • 18 SQL Statements: DROP TABLE to LOCK TABLE
    • DROP TABLE
    • DROP TABLESPACE
    • DROP TABLESPACE SET
    • DROP TRIGGER
    • DROP TYPE
    • DROP TYPE BODY
    • DROP USER
    • DROP VIEW
    • EXPLAIN PLAN
    • FLASHBACK DATABASE
    • FLASHBACK TABLE
    • GRANT
    • INSERT
    • LOCK TABLE
  • 19 SQL Statements: MERGE to UPDATE
    • MERGE
    • NOAUDIT (Traditional Auditing)
    • NOAUDIT (Unified Auditing)
    • PURGE
    • RENAME
    • REVOKE
    • ROLLBACK
    • SAVEPOINT
    • SELECT
    • SET CONSTRAINT[S]
    • SET ROLE
    • SET TRANSACTION
    • TRUNCATE CLUSTER
    • TRUNCATE TABLE
    • UPDATE
  • A How to Read Syntax Diagrams
    • Graphic Syntax Diagrams
      • Required Keywords and Parameters
      • Optional Keywords and Parameters
      • Syntax Loops
      • Multipart Diagrams
    • Backus-Naur Form Syntax
  • B Automatic and Manual Locking Mechanisms During SQL Operations
    • Automatic Locks in DML Operations
    • Automatic Locks in DDL Operations
      • Exclusive DDL Locks
      • Share DDL Locks
      • Breakable Parse Locks
    • Manual Data Locking
    • List of Nonblocking DDLs
  • C Oracle and Standard SQL
    • ANSI Standards
    • ISO Standards
    • Oracle Compliance to Core SQL
    • Oracle Support for Optional Features of SQL/Foundation
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/CLI
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/PSM
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/MED
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/OLB
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/JRT
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/XML
    • Oracle Compliance with FIPS 127-2
    • Oracle Extensions to Standard SQL
    • Oracle Compliance with Older Standards
    • Character Set Support
  • D Oracle Regular Expression Support
    • Multilingual Regular Expression Syntax
    • Regular Expression Operator Multilingual Enhancements
    • Perl-influenced Extensions in Oracle Regular Expressions
  • E Oracle SQL Reserved Words and Keywords
    • Oracle SQL Reserved Words
    • Oracle SQL Keywords
  • F Extended Examples
    • Using Extensible Indexing
    • Using XML in SQL Statements
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  1. SQL Language Reference
  2. Functions
  3. Object Reference Functions

Object Reference Functions

Object reference functions manipulate REF values, which are references to objects of specified object types. The object reference functions are:

  • DEREF
  • MAKE_REF
  • REF
  • REFTOHEX
  • VALUE

See Also:

Oracle Database Object-Relational Developer's Guide for more information about REF data types

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